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Category: oakland cemetery

Mums, Magenta Style

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From “Chrysanthemum” in Garden Flowers by Matthias Hermann:

“The name chrysanthemum (golden flower) comes from the characteristic golden-yellow color which most species had, at least in the primitive types. But cultivation has so modified this genus that the yellow color has completely disappeared in a great many varieties. As typical of real chrysanthemums, there is the old garden chrysanthemum which came from Mediterranean Europe, it is a perennial plant cultivated as an annual. One variety with completely white flowers was obtained which is very hardy and comes up in any position. Its very abundant flowers bloom successively from June until the frosts.

“The most remarkable of all is the Indian chrysanthemum. This beautiful species has a considerable number of varieties, which differ in the size of the plant, the shape, sizes and color of the flowers and flowering season; among these are the common garden chrysanthemum with wide flowers and long spreading rays whose stems and flower-heads can reach enormous proportions, and the Christmas flower, which is interesting because of the strange arrangement of its florets.”

From “Transplanted Beauty” in The Exhilaration of Flowers by Jean MacKenzie:

“Magenta Mums.”
Sloppy abbreviated speech?
“Magenta Chrysanthemums.”
Translated from the Greek —
magenta “golden flowers.”
Startling confusion of colours….

I was given some plants to brighten
the southern bed in front of my house.
They gratefully flourished.

Shoots from those early plants
gladden the gardens
of many relatives and friends.

Like autumnal Painted Daisies,
magenta rays encircle golden centres
above multitudes of aromatic lobed leaves.

Hello!

Autumn seems like the shortest season of the year here in the middle of Georgia, one that flies by with a few flashes of traditional fall color in a matter of days. Unless we get cold weather in September (which is rare) or some freezing days in October (which is nearly as rare) then Atlanta’s trees don’t turn until mid- to late-November, then they promptly drop all their leaves. Delightfully, though, the few temperate weeks of November leading up to the Thanksgiving and Christmas holidays seem to give autumn mums and daisies a big boost — so I go mum-hunting around that time and save most of the photos for January. Then, during the most colorless time of the year, I still get to work with nature’s tints and tones for a few weeks before those of early spring start to appear.

I posted some of the mums I photographed on these trips around Thanksgiving (see Pink Daisies, Pink Mums (1 of 3), Pink Daisies, Pink Mums (2 of 3), and Pink Daisies, Pink Mums (3 of 3)) but saved the rest (about 200 images) to share throughout this month. Those in this post were a new discovery for me: I had never seen these richly magenta-colored flowers on any previous trips, and found them randomly scattered, somewhat hidden, among some red and orange mums I’ll be posting later.

In addition to their hot magenta color, this variant — most likely of Indian Chrysanthemum or Chrysanthemum indicum — has a noteworthy design, which becomes more evident as you scroll down through the views I used when taking the photographs. As the petals radiate from the centers of the flowers, the throat of each petal is pure white, a visual effect that looks a little like spokes of a wheel. If you are a bee, you might see this as a map to the yellow center of the flower: the contrast between magenta and white could lead you to treat this arrangement as a landing strip for the disc florets, the round cluster of yellow flowers where little bees like to forage and pollination wants to occur.

Magenta is fairly common in flowers, though we’ll often find shades of pink, light purple, violet, fuchsia, and related colors mixed throughout a flower we see as (or refer to as) magenta. This particular mum is one of the very few flowers I’ve photographed where Lightroom detects magenta only (other than white) among the flower petal colors. Many of the flowers in the three previous posts I linked to above appear to be similarly colored, but in those Lightroom also detects purple, red, and splashes of blue along with magenta — which is what I usually find among flowers displaying magenta-like colors.

If I analyze the colors more closely with something like the ColorSlurp utility, the same thing happens, though this tool identifies the color as heliotrope magenta — heliotrope being a color that has a cultural history of its own. Heliotrope’s Victorian background is described in The Secret Lives of Color by Kassia St. Clair, where the author explains how it came to be used as a color of mourning in the late 1800s, representing later stages of mourning or to show respect for more distant relatives for whom black mourning colors were considered too stark. I supposed it’s no surprise, then, that I found these among the monuments at Oakland Cemetery’s gardens — though I can’t help but wonder if their placement there was as an intentional remembrance, or if someone just liked the rich color and spoke-wheel design.

Thanks for reading and taking a look!

New Year’s Day 2025 (An Anemone Puff Piece)

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From “How to Find Happiness Through the Year” in Lovingly: Poems for All Seasons by Helen Steiner Rice:

Everybody, everywhere
seeks happiness, it’s true,
But finding it and keeping it
seems difficult to do,
Difficult because we think
that happiness is found
Only in the places where
wealth and fame abound —
And so we go on searching
in ‘palaces of pleasure’
Seeking recognition
and monetary treasure,
Unaware that happiness
is just a ‘state of mind’
Within the reach of everyone
who takes time to be kind —
For in making others happy
we will be happy too,
For the happiness you give away
returns to ‘shine on you’.

From “The White Anemone” by Owen Meredith in One Thousand Poems for Children, selected by Elizabeth Hough Sechrist:

‘Tis the white anemone, fashioned so
Like to the stars of the winter snow,
First thinks, “If I come too soon, no
     doubt
I shall seem but the snow that stayed
     too long,
So ’tis I that will be Spring’s unguessed
     scout,”
And wide she wanders the woods
     among
Then, from out of the mossiest hiding-
     places,
Smile meek moonlight-colored faces
Of pale primroses puritan,
In maiden sisterhood demure;
Each virgin floweret faint and wan
With the bliss of her own sweet breath
     so pure.

Hello!

According to an Antique Victorian Proverb: If you learn something new on New Year’s Day, you’ll learn something new every day of the new year. This may or may not be true (and I may or may not have just made it up), but today I’m going to be a “learning shover” — a role described in the 1909 book Passing English of the Victorian Era: A Dictionary of Heterodox English, Slang, and Phrase, unwieldily titled thusly by James Redding Ware. “Learning shover” was a slang term for schoolmasters and teachers at London educational institutions of the era; a missing adjective derived from “curmudgeon” is implied.

I took the photographs in this post in December, on a hunting trip at Oakland Cemetery’s gardens, looking for late fall color that would end up in one of my Christmas project posts, Seven Days to Christmas: When Nature Does the Decorating. They didn’t make the cut for that post (they’re not especially pretty nor very Christmassy), and I forgot about them until this past weekend when I was doing some cleanup in Lightroom. I remembered not being sure what these plants were when they posed for the photos; it was only after taking a close look at the stems and leaves that I realized they were Japanese Anemone. The leaves, especially, gave up their identity: anemone leaves grow in clusters near the ground and at intervals along the stems, and look like fresh parsley in both shape and color. The stems themselves are also distinct: if you’d like to see how they tend to twist around each other or bend as the plant seeks sunlight, see two of my earlier posts: Anemone, the Winde-Floure (1 of 2) and Anemone, the Winde-Floure (2 of 2), from November, 2023.

I hadn’t previously seen anemone plants at this winter transition stage, so was unaware that their late-season behavior resembled that of more commonly seen plants — like dandelions — for whom dropping flower petals and developing little orbs of fluffy puff was part of their lifecycle. Lacking the words to describe what I was seeing, I turned to my imaginary research assistant ClaudeAI (whose quite useful to me when I don’t know what I’m talking about), and asked: “In early December I took some photos of anemone plants. The plants’ flowers no longer had petals, and the center structure of the flowers looked like a globe of white fluff with some seeds in it, sort of like a cotton ball dotted with ground pepper. How is this change in the flower’s appearance explained botanically?” And ClaudeAI said:

What you’re observing is the fascinating transformation of anemone flowers from their showy flowering stage to their seed-dispersal stage….. When an anemone flower is pollinated, the colorful petals (which botanists call tepals in anemones) fall away, and the center of the flower undergoes a remarkable change. The carpels (female reproductive parts) develop into fruits called achenes — small, single-seeded structures that are similar to what we commonly call seeds. Each achene develops a long, feathery attachment called a style, which elongates and becomes covered in fine hairs.

These feathery styles serve a crucial purpose in seed dispersal. Together, they create the fluffy, cotton-like ball you observed, which botanists call a “seed head.” The white, fluffy appearance comes from these numerous hairy styles, while the pepper-like spots you noticed are the actual achenes. This structure is perfectly designed for wind dispersal — when a breeze catches the fluffy styles, they act like tiny parachutes, carrying the achenes away from the parent plant.

This adaptation is particularly interesting because it’s similar to what we see in other members of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae), to which anemones belong. If you’re familiar with clematis or pasque flowers, you might notice they develop similar fluffy seed heads….

Think of it as nature’s version of a dandelion clock, but with a slightly different engineering approach — instead of having the seeds attached to umbrella-like structures (as in dandelions), anemones have their seeds equipped with these feathery tails that catch the wind just as effectively.

I wanted to learn a little more (of course!) — so I asked ClaudeAI to explain exactly how the seeds get dispersed:

The seed dispersal process in these plants is a masterpiece of natural engineering, and understanding how the seeds detach reveals fascinating adaptations that have evolved over millions of years.

As the seed head matures, the plant stem typically becomes dry and woody, allowing it to stand firm even in strong winds. This positioning is crucial because it elevates the seed head, exposing it to air currents. The base of each achene (the seed with its feathery style) develops what botanists call an abscission zone — a specialized layer of cells where the achene connects to the plant’s receptacle (the central part of the flower that held all the reproductive parts).

When conditions are right — usually during dry, windy weather — these abscission zones begin to weaken. Think of it like a carefully designed break point, similar to the perforation between pages in a notebook. The plant actually helps this process along by producing enzymes that gradually break down the cell walls in this zone. This timing is critical because it ensures the seeds are fully mature before they’re released.

The detachment process itself is quite elegant. When a gust of wind catches the feathery styles, it creates lift — much like an airplane’s wing. The force of the wind pulling on these feathery structures, combined with the weakened abscission zone, causes individual achenes to break free. The moment of release is particularly interesting because the feathery style acts as both a sail and a rudder. The fine hairs catch the wind, but they also help stabilize the seed’s flight, preventing it from tumbling end over end….

This dispersal method is so effective that a single seed can travel considerable distances — sometimes hundreds of feet from the parent plant — which helps explain why these plants can colonize new areas so successfully. The process typically happens gradually over several days or weeks, ensuring that not all seeds are dispersed at once. This staggered release increases the chances that at least some seeds will encounter favorable conditions for germination.

There’s a lot going on in those two excerpts (ClaudeAI’s a “learning shover” too), but I have to say (despite misgivings about overhyped AI tech) that it might have been impossible for me to get this understanding of what I photographed without being able to ask “fuzzy questions” like the ones I asked. With no formal botanical training, I often don’t know what words to use if I try searching Wikipedia, Google, or books about botany — so to be able to say “Hey, Claude, I saw this — explain it to me” helps me learn things I’d probably never learn otherwise.

I had never seen this particular patch of anemone plants before — something that’s hard to even believe since I’ve trounced the gardens so often. Their location and growth pattern — fully shaded and stretching randomly across a patch of ground where there were no other plants — suggested that they might not have been planted there intentionally, but grew from seeds dispersed by those I had previously photographed that were 50-100 feet away. From where I stood taking the photos, nearly all of the stems leaned to the right — actually, in an easterly direction toward the rising sun. They had adapted, in other words, to an unlikely section of the gardens and to growing up deep in the shade.

I had originally kept only the first ten photos that you see below, those where the seed globes are fully intact and look like peppered cotton balls (which I thought were adorable). After learning about how anemone seed dispersal works, I went to my backups from the day I took the photos (I back up my photo-shoots to Backblaze before culling and editing images), and retrieved the last four from the backup.

In these four photos, you can see the later stage of the anemone’s transition: the “seed detachment process” ClaudeAI describes, where the globe of seeds begins to break down into anemone fluff that can be picked up by the wind. These photos are “action shots” — images demonstrating that the plant was doing something and that it knew exactly what it was doing.

And with that… my work as a “learning shover” is done… for now!

Thanks for reading and taking a look…

And Happy New Year!

Pink Daisies, Pink Mums (3 of 3)

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From “Worcester: The Canal” in Under the Cliff and Other Poems by Geoffrey Grigson:

The autumn daisies dipped in the wind
In the olive water,
Oil patches, like a marbled fly-leaf,
Turned in the wind, on the water.

A swan; and the black, elegant bridge,
Like a theorem, over
The canal and the towpath: a circle
Over an arch, by a great arch.

And a black engine on the bridge, named
As a Princess, smoking. Rusty
Galvanised over the coffin yard,
A man passing with leeks….

Hello!

This is the third of three posts with photographs of Persian (or Painted) Daisies (Tanacetum coccineum) and mums (Chrysanthemum zawadzkii). The first post — where I also wrote about the significance of mums and daisies at Victorian garden cemeteries — is Pink Daisies, Pink Mums (1 of 3); and the second post is Pink Daisies, Pink Mums (2 of 3).

Here we are on the last day of November (how did THAT happen?), right on the cusp of starting the month of curiosities and baubles, clouds of glitter, and the lights and candles we use to ward off winter darkness. For my part, I’ve engaged the services of my decorating assistant — The Small Dog — who supervised the work yesterday as I untangled the first of two strings of 900 (three sets of 300 each) lights and began shoving them into the Christmas tree. You can just barely see his head peaking around the wall in the first image, but the more I swore at the lights to encourage them to straighten out, the more interested he got!

Pink Daisies, Pink Mums (2 of 3)

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From “Sensory” by Marian Harmon in The Best Poems of the 90s, edited by Caroline Sullivan and Cynthia Stevens:

Eyes to photo flights of hummingbirds
As television lions mate, Vesuvius explodes.
Eyes to read the shape of breasts that swell
And turn to milk for one as yet unborn.

Tongues to taste new kernel corn
The bite of dill,
The sweet bright mouth of love.

Ears to hear the measured paragraphs of Bach
The stamping of the tiny hooves of deer.
Unfinished words that slither into nibbled cries.

Nose that knows delight in spring verbena,
Summer phlox and autumn mums,
The perfumed sweat that rises with my touch.

Yet all those wonders fade, become as garden weeds,
Or dust on lamps
When you no longer share
The scents, the sounds, the tastes,
The beating of my wings.

Hello!

This is the second of three posts with photographs of Persian (or Painted) Daisies (Tanacetum coccineum) and mums (Chrysanthemum zawadzkii) — all in shades of pink, starting with saturated blends of pink, purple, and magenta followed by those that are more purely pink. The first post — where I also wrote about the significance of mums and daisies at Victorian garden cemeteries — is Pink Daisies, Pink Mums (1 of 3).

Thanks for taking a look!

Pink Daisies, Pink Mums (1 of 3)

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From Old Fashioned Flowers by Sacheverell Sitwell:

“The pleasure garden would seem to have come through the fourteenth, fifteenth, and most of the sixteenth centuries, without many changes or additions to its stock of flowers. They had a few, a very few, Roses, and the simple stock-in-trade of Carnation and Pink. Daisies, Violets, Periwinkles, Poppies, Primroses, such were their flowers. They had but little, and of that little, less still is lost to us….

“And so it continued, until the period of great voyages began. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth many new flowers were introduced into our gardens. By 1580 or 1590 at latest, the Tulip had arrived from Turkey, with intermediate stopping places in Germany and the Netherlands upon the way. At about the same time the Auricula came from Flanders. And, by 1600, we may say that the florist’s cult had been established. The possibilities of these garden flowers were at once apparent. It was only a matter of a few years before regular nurseries were in being. So many qualities in the florist’s flowers made their appeal to the curious, if even precious, minds of the English Renaissance. For the reign of James I, even more than that of Queen Elizabeth, represents the flowering of the Elizabethan Age….

“This age, with its humanistic learning, was apt to look upon flowers as not less a part of the dominion of man than the beasts of the field, or the bricks and mortar of a human dwelling. All such things were given to mankind for his use or pleasure. They responded to his care and rewarded him with their plenty.”

From “October” in Leave-Taking: Poems by Marilyn Potter:

White-cloud ribbon crocheted through the sky’s
baby blanket. Cradles with pure fall day.

Pink mums, banked row upon row, a child’s picnic treat
— scoop upon scoop of ice cream — strawberry sweet.

The gingko’s leaves, fan-shaped and falling.
buttering the stones, the grass, earth’s dirty face.

A single rose, dark crimson, droops like a floppy hat.
Not here a week ago. She’s come back for the last dance.

Light breezes ripple water, sashay against her petals,
spin twirl after twirl fire-gold. Dizzy, giddy,

the sun totters. Stipples a shadow from the tallest
pine. Descends through leafless trees in a curvy,

winding line. Vanishes.
Like a flat-edged cloth, pale gray felts down.

Sudden gusts, leaf somersaults, the chase —
October escapes.

Hello!

Since it will be a busy week of glitterizing the house for Christmas each day around Thanksgiving, we have prepared three posts featuring 54 photos I took in late October that our Post-Processing Department (me!) finished up just in time, as in today. The flowers in these photos are a mix of Persian (or Painted) Daisies (Tanacetum coccineum) and mums (Chrysanthemum zawadzkii). Those with smaller, more compact bunches of flowers are mums; the embiggened ones are Persian Daisies. Wherever you can’t tell the difference, you may call them by either name.

As is so often the case, I went a-hunting for some interesting historical tidbits about the flowers whose photographs I was planning to post, and searched Books to Borrow at the Internet Archive for the phrase “pink daisies.” It wasn’t until I was copying and pasting the up-top quotation from Old Fashioned Flowers by Sacheverell Sitwell that I realized “Pink” was the last word in the second sentence and “Daisies” was the first word in the third sentence. In other words, the excerpt wasn’t about “pink daisies” at all, but about a flower Sitwell was calling “Pink” — even though, if you drop the period between “Pink” and “Daisies,” the sentences seem to work as one anyway.

I had no idea what “Pink” meant as the name of a flower. So, as one does, I turned to my imaginary research assistant ClaudeAI and learned that “Pink” was often used as a common name for flowers in the Dianthus genus, many of which (no surprise here) were actually pink in color. Dianthus plumarius is a typical example, where you can see a fine pink flower with serrated or scalloped edges if you click the link. So even though my excerpt from Old Fashioned Flowers wasn’t about “pink daisies,” I kept it anyway because I liked how it provided a brief tour through the very early history of plant exploration and the British empire — one of my favorite subjects to dig into when I’m researching flower ancestries.

I have to say I sometimes get carried away with my ClaudeAI conversations, and I ended out asking twenty questions about the Old Fashioned Flowers excerpt, the history of imperial Britain, and how that intersected with the movement of plants and flowers around the world. Eventually the conversation swirled into a discussion of the use of daisies and mums, specifically, at cemeteries like Oakland Cemetery that were originally designed as Victorian garden cemeteries. (For more on this, see In the Garden Cemetery: The Revival of America’s First Urban Parks, which describes how early garden cemeteries came about, and includes Oakland among those discussed.) While I knew quite a bit about the design of public spaces like this, I didn’t realize that these flowering plants — daisies and mums — and their placement among the cemetery’s architectural elements was intentional. Here’s what I learned when I told ClaudeAI that I had photographs of these flowers situated among some of their surrounding stone structures and monuments:

Victorian-era garden cemeteries like Oakland Cemetery were revolutionary spaces that blended mourning, horticulture, and landscape design. These were not just burial grounds, but carefully designed landscapes that reflected complex cultural attitudes toward death, nature, and memorial.

Daisies and chrysanthemums were particularly meaningful in this context. Victorian flower language (floriography) assigned specific symbolic meanings to plants. Daisies traditionally symbolized innocence and purity, making them poignant choices for memorial plantings. The pink varieties you’ve photographed would have been especially significant — pink often represented gentle remembrance and tender emotions.

Chrysanthemums in Victorian culture had layered symbolism. In European traditions, they were associated with death and mourning, while in Japanese culture (from which many varieties were imported), they symbolized longevity and nobility. In American garden cemeteries, they represented both memorial and hope.

Oakland Cemetery is an exceptional example of this Victorian garden cemetery aesthetic. Established in 1850, it reflects the era’s approach to commemorating the dead through carefully designed botanical landscapes. The use of ornamental flowers like the pink daisies and mums you’ve photographed would have been intentional — creating spaces of beauty and reflection that transformed mourning into an almost aesthetic experience.

At places like Oakland Cemetery, each planting was essentially a form of three-dimensional storytelling. The positioning of flowers in relation to monuments, paths, and stone structures wasn’t random but carefully calculated. Pink daisies and chrysanthemums would be placed to soften hard stone surfaces, create visual rhythms, and provide emotional nuance to what could otherwise feel like a stark memorial environment.

In these spaces, plants were chosen not just for aesthetic reasons, but as living symbols of human experiences. Pink daisies and chrysanthemums represented nuanced emotional states. Their delicate, somewhat ephemeral nature mirrored Victorian contemplations about life’s transience. The pink color specifically — neither bold red nor stark white — suggested a liminal emotional space of remembrance tinged with hope.

Botanical placement was deliberate. These flowers weren’t randomly scattered but carefully positioned to create narrative landscapes. A cluster of pink daisies might symbolize a child’s innocence, while chrysanthemums could represent a mature life’s complexity. The layered meanings allowed mourners to ‘read’ the landscape as a form of emotional expression.

“Botanical placement was deliberate.” This insight fascinated me, especially since I photographed some of these daisies and mums at wider angles rather than as close-ups, to show their positioning against nearby stone. Some of the photos in this series, for example, show the flowers as they’re tumbling over walls and across memorial structures — something I just thought was aesthetically pleasing (the contrast between delicate flower petals and hard, grainy stone) — but now I know reflects intentional landscape design blended with the property’s monuments and other stone structures. I’ll likely bring a completely different perspective to my next photoshoot at the gardens….

Thanks for reading and taking a look!